11th Political Science : Secularism

 This text is taken from the chapter "Secularism" of the NCERT Class 11 book "Political Theory," which discusses the concept of secularism, its necessity, and its various principles. The following analysis highlights the main points of the chapter:

What is Secularism?

Definition:

Secularism is a principle that opposes all forms of religious domination and discrimination.

It not only rejects inter-religious domination, where one religion tries to dominate another, but also intra-religious domination, where there is discrimination and inequality within a religion.

Inter-Religious Domination:

Examples given in the text, such as the 1984 Sikh riots, the exodus of Kashmiri Pandits, and the 2002 Gujarat riots, illustrate how violence and discrimination arise based on religious identity.

Secularism opposes any form of religious opposition and ensures that every citizen has the right to live with freedom and dignity.

Intra-Religious Domination:

This is not just about conflicts between religions but also about discrimination within religions.

Examples:

Gender inequality: Most religions do not offer equality between men and women.

Caste discrimination: Hinduism, for example, has practiced caste-based discrimination.

Religious fundamentalism: Conservative groups within religions often monopolize the truth, promoting discord.

Secularism aims to foster equality and freedom even among followers of the same religion.

Broader Goals of Secularism:

Secularism does not merely advocate for the separation of religion and state but also ensures:

Religion is not used as a tool for discrimination.

Equality among religious sects.

The eradication of unfair practices and extremism within religions.

Relationship Between the State and Religion:

The state must ensure that it does not favor any religion and treats all religions equally.

The state must guarantee equality and freedom not only between religious communities but also within them.

Conclusion:

Secularism is a social and political philosophy based on the principles of liberty, equality, and dignity. It not only protects religious minorities but also ensures equality and freedom within religions.

The historical and social examples in the chapter make it clear how necessary it is to culturally and practically implement secularism in contemporary society.

Western Model of Secularism:

Key Features:

Based on the principle of "mutual exclusion" between state and religion.

The state does not interfere in religious affairs, and religion does not interfere in state matters.

Emphasis on Individual Freedom:

This model focuses on individual liberty and equality.

Religious communities are not granted special rights or protection.

Neglect of Minority Rights:

In Western societies, less attention is given to religious equality because they have historically been religiously homogenous.

Lack of State Involvement in Religious Reforms:

The state does not intervene in reforming discriminatory religious practices.

Example: If a religion prohibits women from becoming priests, the state does not intervene.

Limitations of This Model:

Absence of Community-Based Rights:

This model provides little space for the rights or freedom of religious communities.

Ignoring Religious Inequality and Discrimination:

Emphasizing only individual freedom and equality fails to address inequalities among religious groups.

Analysis and Relevance:

The Western model of secularism protects religious freedom and individual rights but does not adequately address the rights of religious minorities.

This model is not entirely suitable for a country like India, which is highly diverse in terms of religion and culture, as inter-religious and intra-religious inequalities are more prevalent here.

The Indian model, discussed in the next part of the chapter, offers a different approach in this regard.

Conclusion:

The Western model views the separation of religion and state as "mutual exclusion" and prioritizes individual freedom while ignoring religious equality and reform. This model may not succeed in religiously diverse societies where there is a need to ensure equality among and within religious communities.

Indian Model of Secularism:

Indian secularism is not merely a replication of the Western model but a distinct and unique model developed in line with India's cultural and social diversity. This is deeply reflected in the Indian Constitution and societal values.

Features of Indian Secularism:

1. Equal Religious Freedom:

Indian secularism goes beyond the separation of state and religion and emphasizes both individual and community religious freedom.

It does not support any particular religion but safeguards the rights and identities of religious communities.

2. Inter-Religious and Intra-Religious Equality:

Indian secularism ensures equality not only between religions but also within religions.

For example, discrimination against Dalits or violations of women's rights, whether in Hinduism or any other religion, is unconstitutional.

3. State's Role in Religious Reform:

The Indian Constitution allows the state to participate in religious reforms.

Examples include the abolition of untouchability and the prohibition of child marriage. However, the question arises whether the state can remain secular while intervening in religion. Indian secularism answers this through "principle-based intervention."

4. Protection of Community and Individual Rights:

Minority communities have the right to establish their educational institutions and preserve their culture.

This guarantees the protection of cultural diversity and minority rights.

Criticism and Defense of Indian Secularism:

1. Accusation of Being Anti-Religious:

Secularism is often considered anti-religious. However, its objective is to oppose discrimination and atrocities in the name of religion while promoting religious freedom.

2. Accusation of Being a Western Concept:

Indian secularism is not a mere imitation of the Western model but a unique framework that combines both Western and Indian principles to promote harmony and peace.

3. Allegations of Minority Favoritism:

Minority rights are often perceived as special privileges. However, the Indian Constitution provides these rights to safeguard minority communities and does not aim to promote any discrimination.

4. Allegations of Excessive State Intervention:

Critics argue that the Indian state intervenes excessively in religion. However, such intervention follows the principle of "principled distance," allowing positive or negative state actions to uphold equality and justice.

5. Accusation of Vote Bank Politics:

Secularism is sometimes linked to vote bank politics, but it is unfair to associate this principle with political misuse that ignores broader societal development.

6. Claim of Being an Impossible Project:

The argument that maintaining harmony and equality among diverse religious communities is impossible is historically inaccurate. Indian culture has demonstrated coexistence as an ideal. In a globally diversifying world, the Indian secular model can serve as an inspiration.

Conclusion:

Indian secularism aims to ensure equality, freedom, and justice in society, not just coexistence among religions. Despite criticisms, it is an essential part of Indian democracy and a vital tool for building a successful society.

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