भारतीय संविधान भाग 2: नागरिकता और सामाजिक न्याय की दिशा भारत का संविधान, दुनिया के सबसे विस्तृत और समावेशी संविधानों में से एक है, जो न केवल राज्य की संरचना और प्रशासन के ढांचे को निर्धारित करता है, बल्कि नागरिकों के अधिकारों और कर्तव्यों को भी स्पष्ट रूप से परिभाषित करता है। भारतीय संविधान का भाग 2 भारतीय नागरिकता से संबंधित है, जो एक लोकतांत्रिक राष्ट्र के मूलभूत ताने-बाने को आकार देने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। नागरिकता की परिभाषा और महत्व संविधान का भाग 2 भारतीय नागरिकता को परिभाषित करता है, यह स्पष्ट करता है कि एक व्यक्ति को भारतीय नागरिकता कब और कैसे प्राप्त होती है, और किन परिस्थितियों में यह समाप्त हो सकती है। नागरिकता, किसी भी देश में व्यक्ति और राज्य के बीच एक संप्रभु संबंध को स्थापित करती है। यह एक व्यक्ति को अपने अधिकारों का दावा करने का अधिकार देती है और साथ ही राज्य के प्रति उसकी जिम्मेदारियों को भी स्पष्ट करती है। भारतीय संविधान में नागरिकता की प्राप्ति के विभिन्न आधार हैं, जैसे जन्म, वंश, और पंजीकरण के माध्यम से। यह सुनिश्चित करता है कि कोई भी व्यक्ति, जो भारत...
Liberty or Freedom
The word liberty is derived from the latin word Libertatem which means "
condition of a free man.
While Freedom come from the English word freedom which means state of
free will .
Definitions of Liberty
According to Hobbes . Liberty ( freedom ) means absence of restraints
.
According to seeley_ " Liberty ( freedom ) is the opposite of
government .
According to Laski- " Liberty ( freedom ) is the absence of
restraint upon the existence of those social conditions which are necessary
for individual happiness .
Now we can understand the strength and passion of the idea of freedom by
analyzing the auto - biography of two eminent personalities who fought for
achieving freedom .
Nelson Mandela - His auto - biography is "Long Walk to Freedom " The content of this book is the history of the fight made by Mandela
against the apartheid in South Africa & the resistance of the people
against the discriminatory policies of the government of the white people
.
Aung San Suu Kyi -who had to spend several years in house
confinement in Myanmar for fighting to achieve freedom for the people of the
country . -the principle of no - violence proposed by Mahatma Gandhi
influenced her very much . She published a book called "Freedom from Fear".
Two Aspects of Freedom .
1- Absence of external constraints
2- Existence of conditions in which people can develop their talents
.
The source of constraints :
The constraints on the freedom of Individuals originate mainly from three
sources . They are-
1- Domination . - It is imposed by the government through Laws .
2- External Control - It is imposed by the colonial rulers
.
3. Social & Economic inequality-
Exp- Untouchability .
Why do we need Constraints ?
We can not live in a world where there are no restrictions of any kind.
-Infact certain constraints are necessary for the stability of the
society . Otherwise social life will degenerate into utter chaos (Anarchy) or
lawlessness .
-So it is highly necessary to have some kinds of mechanism to control
violence & settle the conflicts in the society.
Exp- Traffic rules , Domestic violence Act etc.
Harm Principle
The principle of Harm was propounded by
J. S. Mill in his book - On Liberty
.
He divided the human action into self regarding and other
regarding.
Self regarding action affects self , but others regarding actions affect
others too .
So such action should be restricted .
This is the logic of the Harm Principle .
Need & Importance of freedom
1- Freedom is inherent in the nature of man . It is the birthright of
man .
2. It is necessary for the development of human personality .
3- It is necessary to make a person better .
4- It makes human beings dignified .
5- It makes man responsible.
Safe-Guards of Liberty
1- Democracy
2- Independent Judiciary
3- Rule of Law
4-Decentralization of power .
5- Political, Social & Economic Equality .
Negative and Positive Liberty
Negative concept of Liberty
1-It implies the absence of constraints and to do whatever one
likes.
2- This concept may make the powerful person more powerful to keep the
weaker ones at their mercy .
3- According to them- " That government is the best which governs the
least".They believed that the state should perform only two functions :
maintain law of order and defense against external aggression .
4- Supporter - John Locke , Adam Smith and Herbert Spencer.
Positive conception of Liberty
1- It refers to the society in which adequate facilities are available for
each and every section of society to enjoy desirable rights .
2- It ensures the growth of the poor & weaker section of society .
3 • Supporter - T. H. Green, Gandhi, Aurobindo, Laski .
4-
According to T.H.Green-"Liberty is the positive power of doing / enjoying
that thing, which is worthy of doing/enjoying." => "doing something worth
doing or enjoying".
What is meant by freedom of expression? What is your views that would be a
reasonable restriction on this freedom ? Give examples .
Freedom of expression means every person should be provided the
environment to freely express their thoughts, philosophy and feelings in
society , to propagate these and present these .
In our view the following appropriate restrictions should be imposed on
this freedom
1- Restrictions imposed for interests . preserving national
2- Restrictions imposed on the basis of social interests .
3- Restrictions imposed to protect every individual's dignity and
respect .
Example- the example of Deepa Mehta's film be given in
context of restrictions placed on freedom of expression . This film shows the
distress of widows in Varanasi . The film was banned due to the pressure put
up by various politicians , religious leaders and conservative people .
Similarly , Aubrey Menon's book Ramayana Retold and Salman Rushdie's book the
Satanic Verses were also banned due to protests by certain sections of society
.
Different types of Liberty -
Political Liberty-
This liberty is only for citizens . It consists right to vote , to contest in elections , to hold public offices , freedom to participate in the political process and making political decisions .
Economic Liberty
Economic Liberty means those right that are engaged by a person by consuming his livelihood . Political Liberty & civil Liberty became meaningless in the absence of economic liberty.
Civil Liberty- Civil Liberty means the freedom guaranteed to us by the state .
- It mclude freedom of speech & expression , freedom of religions , freedom of life and property , freedom of assembly, freedom to seek constitutional remedies in the case of the freedom is violated
Natural Liberty -
The concept of natural Liberty contributed by Rousseau . - Natural Liberty means complete freedom from interference . The advocates of this kind of Liberty says that man is free by nature .
Social Liberty- It means no discrimination on the basis of caste, religion and gender in the society .
National Liberty - It means freedom of the people from foreign domination .
Gandhi's view - Swaray is the word used by Gandhi to indicate Liberty .
Gandhi's opinion on liberty is Swaraj. Swa means self and raj means rule . It means Self rule.
According to Bal Gangadhar Tilak-"Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it".
Subash Chandra Bose view
Bose says that freedom means the freedom for all sections of the society, as the freedom of all individuals as well as the society. freedom for rich as well as poor , freedom for men as well as Women , freedom of all individuals & classes .
→ Liberalism
The word liberalism originated from the latin word ' Liberals ' which means free man.
- the political ideology of liberalism which emerged in the 19th century , considers freedom as a very important essential thing . Liberalism gives prime importance to the freedom of individuals .
J.S Mill, T.H Green & Ranade are the exponents of modern liberalism .
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