भारतीय संविधान भाग 2: नागरिकता और सामाजिक न्याय की दिशा भारत का संविधान, दुनिया के सबसे विस्तृत और समावेशी संविधानों में से एक है, जो न केवल राज्य की संरचना और प्रशासन के ढांचे को निर्धारित करता है, बल्कि नागरिकों के अधिकारों और कर्तव्यों को भी स्पष्ट रूप से परिभाषित करता है। भारतीय संविधान का भाग 2 भारतीय नागरिकता से संबंधित है, जो एक लोकतांत्रिक राष्ट्र के मूलभूत ताने-बाने को आकार देने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। नागरिकता की परिभाषा और महत्व संविधान का भाग 2 भारतीय नागरिकता को परिभाषित करता है, यह स्पष्ट करता है कि एक व्यक्ति को भारतीय नागरिकता कब और कैसे प्राप्त होती है, और किन परिस्थितियों में यह समाप्त हो सकती है। नागरिकता, किसी भी देश में व्यक्ति और राज्य के बीच एक संप्रभु संबंध को स्थापित करती है। यह एक व्यक्ति को अपने अधिकारों का दावा करने का अधिकार देती है और साथ ही राज्य के प्रति उसकी जिम्मेदारियों को भी स्पष्ट करती है। भारतीय संविधान में नागरिकता की प्राप्ति के विभिन्न आधार हैं, जैसे जन्म, वंश, और पंजीकरण के माध्यम से। यह सुनिश्चित करता है कि कोई भी व्यक्ति, जो भारत...
Equality
The term equality means all human beings have equal right without regarding their colour, gender , race , language or nationality.
Here special preference should be abolished.
Absolute Equality - It is an impossible concept because all men are physically and mentally unequal . Everyone's attitude , behaviours & capabilities are different to each other .
Equality of opportunity - It means that every human beings have the same right and opportunities to develop their skills and talents & to attain their goals & ambitions .
Natural Inequalities - these are the inequalities that individuals get from their birth.
-By nature people may have different capabilities & talents .
They are not creations of the society .
Social inequalities - they are creations of the society. They emerge from the denial of equality to certain groups and also from the exploitation of some groups by others.
Three Dimensions of Equality .
1-Political Equality . It means granting citizenship to all the members of the state . They have equal right to vote , right to contest election , right to criticize the government ,
2-Economic Equality - It means equitable enjoyment of economic resources by all individual of the state .
For Exp - Equal pay for equal work , right to work.
3-Social Equality - It means to ensure equal status for everyone in the society .
- It removes special privileges given to any particular individual or individuals on the basis of caste, religion ,rase, colour or wealth.
Feminism - It is a political theory which is formed to the equal right for men & women . *According to feminist they believe that this gender partiality is made by the society and
*It is neither natural nor necessary .
How can we promote Equality?
We can achieve equality through three different ways.
1-Establishing formal equality
-We can achieve equality by ending the formal system of inequality & privileges .
- most of the moderns constitutions contains provisions against discrimination on the grounds of place of birth,religion, race, caste or gender .
2- Equality through different Treatment . - It is necessary to treat people differently in order to ensure that they can enjoy equal rights .
-weaker sections need special consideration to overcome inequalities .
For exp - Reservation policy in India .
3- Affirmative action → Inequalities are some times deeply rooted in our system . Therefor to minimise and eliminated all such social evils, It is necessary to have some positive measure .
- Most of the affirmative activities are aimed . to correcting the cumulative effect of past inequalities.
- Provide facilities for disadvantaged communities .
- Scholarship of hostel facilities for backward class .
- Provide reservation in the educational institu sions .
Positive Discrimination or Protective Discrimination . - Positive discrimination considers that all descriminations are not wrong. It is also against the concept of absolute equality .
According to this concept , the government can adopt several measures to uplift and protect the weaker sections of the society who are so cially & economically backward . It is known as protective discrimination or positive discrimination .
= > Socialism - It is a political ideology which is trying to minimise existing inequality and to distribute resource equally .
Socialist thinker Ram Manohar Lohia identified 5 types of inequality in society .
1 - inequality between men & women .
2 - Inequality based on skin colour .
3 - caste based inequality .
4 - colonialism .
5 - Economic inequality .
→ Marx's concept of Equality - Karl Marx a renowned thinker of the 19th century
- Karl Marx argued that the root cause of inequality was private ownership of economic resources.
- Private ownership make the owners wealthy and politically powerful .
- Marx advocated that public control over property is essential to tackle all types of inequality in the society .
=>The Liberal view Point of Equality - The liberals present a concept of equality . which is opposite to the Marxian concept .
- The Liberals believe that the state should try to ensure a minimum standard of living of equal opportunities of all .
- People should get equal opportunities in all spheres of life .
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